Unit 7 （2000年）
Governments throughout the world act on the assumption that the welfare of their people depends largely on the economic strength and wealth of the community.（71）Under modern conditions，this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts. （72）Furthermore，it is obvious that the strength of a country’s economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry，and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds. It also means that governments are increasingly compelled to interfere in these sectors in order to step up production and ensure that it is utilized to the best advantage. For example，they may encourage research in various ways，including the setting up of their own research centers; they may alter the structure of education，or interfere in order to reduce the wastage of natural resources or tap resources hitherto unexploited; or they may cooperate directly in the growing number of international projects related to science，economics any industry，In any case，all such interventions are heavily dependent on scientific advice and also scientific and technological manpower of all kinds.
（73）Owing to the remarkable development in mass-communications，people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas，while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above. At the same time，the normal rate of social change throughout the world is taking place at a vastly accelerated speed compared with the past. For example，（74）in the early in industrialized countries of Europe the process of industrialization—with all the far-reaching changes in social patterns that followed—was spread over nearly a century，whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so. All this has the effect of building up unusual pressures and tensions within the community and consequently presents serious problems for the governments concerned.（75）Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements—themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport. As a result of all these factors，governments are becoming increasingly dependent on biologists and social scientists for planning the appropriate programs and putting them into effect.
Unit 7 翻译题解：
71） Under modern conditions, this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts.
句子分析：
第一、 句子可以拆分为三段：
Under modern conditions, this requires varying measures of centralized control/and hence the help of specialized scientists/such as economists and operational research experts.
第二、句子的结构：
1）主干结构是一个带双宾语的简单句：this requires varying measures of...and hence the help of...
2）两个宾语各带有of短语作定语。
3）specialized scientists后面的短语such as...是其定语。
第三、词的处理：
Under modern conditions 在现代条件下；requires 需要；varying measures （程度）不同的措施；centralized control 中央控制，中央调控；and hence 因此，从而； specialized scientists 专门科学家，专家；operational research experts 运行研究专家，运筹学家
完整的译文：
71）在现代条件下，这需要程度不同的中央控制，从而就需要获得诸如经济学家和运筹学家等领域专家的协助。
72） Furthermore it is obvious that the strength of a country's economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分为三段：
Furthermore it is obvious / that the strength of a country's economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, / and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds.
第二、句子的结构：
1）主干结构是it is obvious that..., and that...形式主语和两个主语从句。
2）两个that从句都是简单的主谓宾结构句。
3）this指代前面的宾语中心词efficiency。
第三、词的处理：
Furthermore 再者，另外；it is obvious that （固定译法）显而易见的是；the strength of a country's economy 一个国家的经济实力；is directly bound up with 与……直接（密切）相关；the efficiency of its agriculture and industry 工农业生产效率；in turn 反过来 rests upon 有赖于，取决于；scientists and technologists of all kinds 各种科技人员，所有领域的科学家和技术人员
完整的译文：
72）再者，显而易见的是，一个国家的经济实力与其工农业生产效率密切相关，而效率的提高又有赖于各种科技人员的努力。
73） Owing to the remarkable development in mass-communications, people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas, while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分为五段：Owing to the remarkable development in mass-communications, / people everywhere are feeling new wants / and are being exposed to new customs and ideas, / while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations / for the reasons given above.
第二、句子的结构：
1）主干结构是：原因状语Owing to..., people are feeling ... and are being..., while governments are often forced to...句子结构中while是个关键词，表示对比关系，汉语意思是"而"。
2）第一个主句中有两个现在进行时的并列谓语are feeling... and are being...
3）第二个主句的谓语是被动语态。
4）for the reasons given above是第二个主句的原因状语。
第三、词的处理：
owing to 因为，由于；mass-communications 大众通讯；people everywhere 所有的人，各地的人；new wants 新的需求（要求，需要）；being exposed to 接触到，感受到 customs and ideas 习俗和思想；introduce 推出，采取，施行；innovations 革新，革新措施；for the reasons given above 由于上述原因
完整的译文：
73）由于大众通讯的显著发展，所有的人都不断感到有新的需求，并不断接触到新的习俗和思想，由于上述原因，各国政府不得不经常采取更进一步的革新措施。
74） in the early industrialized countries of Europe the process of industrialization-with all the far-reaching changes in social patterns that followed-was spread over nearly a century, whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分为三段：
in the early industrialized countries of Europe / the process of industrialization-with all the far-reaching changes in social patterns that followed-was spread over nearly a century, / whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so.
第二、句子的结构：
1）主干结构是复合句the process of industrialization...was spread over nearly a century, whereas...连词whereas "而"，表示对比。
2）破折号中间的短语是附加成分，修饰主语中心词process，其中social patterns后面that followed是一个定语从句。
3）因为是两个对比句，所以可以根据上下文判断：两个句子的谓语spread over和undergo意思相近，the same process等于the process of industrialization.
第三、词的处理：
industrialized countries 工业化国家；the process of industrialization 工业化进程，工业化过程；with ...that followed 随……而来的，以及；far-reaching changes 深刻的变革，影响深远的变化；social patterns 社会结构；spread over 持续，延续；nearly a century 大约（将近、几乎）一个世纪；a developing nation 一个发展中国家；undergo 经历；in a decade or so 在10年左右的时间
完整的译文：
74）在先期实现工业化的欧洲国家里，其工业化进程以及随之而来的各种深刻的社会结构变革持续了大约一个世纪，而如今一个发展中国家在10年左右的时间内就可以完成同样的过程。
75） Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements-themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分为三段：
Additional social stresses may also occur / because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements-/themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport.
第二、句子的结构：
1）主干结构是Additional social stresses may also occur because of...简单句+ because of表示的原因状语。整句翻译应该根据先原因后结果的原则，将主句放在最后。
2） because of后面有两个宾语the population explosion or problems
3）名词problems带有现在分词短语作后置定语arising from mass migration movements
4） themselves指前面的名词短语mass migration movements,后面的过去分词短语是themselves的定语。
第三、词的处理：
Additional social stresses 新的（额外的）社会压力；occur 出现，产生；population explosion 人口猛增，人口爆炸；arising from 由……引起，产生于，来自于；mass migration movements 大量人口流动；migration 流动，迁移；modern means of transport 现代交通工具；means 工具，手段，途径
完整的译文：
75）由于人口猛增或大量人口流动（现代交通工具使大量人口流动变得相对容易）所引起的各种问题也会对社会造成新的压力。
