... + N + who/which ...
结构︰…＋名词＋who／whom／which／that…
说明︰<关系代名词>有 who，whom，which 三种，均用以引导<形容词子句>，修饰前面的<名词>。修饰人用 who 或 whom；修饰物用 which。that 可用来取代 who，whom 或 which，但须注意其前不可置<介系词>，也不可有逗点，that 之前若有<插入语>，则不受逗点限制。作受格的 whom， which，that 在限定修饰的句构中可以省略。
Never trust a man who (that) breaks his word easily. 不要信任一个常常食言的人。
He laughs best who laughs last. 最后笑者笑得最好。
He is a man on whom I can rely. 他是我可以信赖的那一种人。
No one will buy a book which (that) is poorly written. 没有人会买一本写得很烂的书。
I have found the bicycle which (that) you lost yesterday.我发现了你昨天丢的那辆脚踏车。
I like my school, which is famous for its excellent facilities.
我喜欢我的学校，它以优良的设备出名。
Volleyball is a sport of which I am very fond. 排球是我很喜欢的运动。
He is a good boy, as far as I know, that (whom) you can trust.
据我所知，他是个好男孩，你可以相信他。
There are many things that money can’t buy. 有很多东西是金钱买不到的。
Don’t take things that do not belong to you. 不要拿不属于你的东西。
... + N + whose ...
结构︰…＋名词＋whose…
说明︰whose 为关系<代名词的所有格>，系由 his，her，their，my，your 以及 its 等<所有格>变化而成，引导<形容词子句>。
People whose homes are in town want to live in the country.住在市区里的人希望住在乡下。
This is a short story whose easy style I love very much.
这是一则短篇小说，我很喜欢它那简单的笔调。
I envy Mike, whose car is fancy. 真羡慕麦克，他的车子真漂亮。
... those who + V ...
结构︰those＋who＋动词
说明︰此句型意为“（那些）…的人”。those 在此是泛指一般的人。
Christmas is a time for friends and family members to see each other again and to send Christmas cards to those who live far away.
圣诞节是朋友家人互相再见，以及寄圣诞卡给住在远方的人的一段时间。
God helps those who help themselves. 自助者神助之。
We can talk to those who live far away by telephone.我们可以用电话和住在远处的人说话。
Those who abandon themselves to despair can not succeed.那些自暴自弃的人无法成功。
There is no easy way to do business, and only those who do their best to win clients can win business. 做生意无快捷方式可走，只有那些千方百计赢得客户的人才能赢得生意。
... all (that) ...
结构︰... all (that) ...
说明︰此句型意为“所有…的一切东西”。all 等于 everything；that 为<关系代名词>，代替 all。that 在所引导的<形容词子句>中若做<主词>时，不可省略，但若做<受词>，则往往予以省略。all that 往往可视为<复合关系代名词> what 看待。
All (that) he said is true. 他说的都是真的。
We must do all that is to be done. 我们必须做该做的事。
All (What) you have to do is (to) follow me. 你所必须要做得就是跟着我。
All (that) I want is a beautiful red car. 我所要的就是一辆美丽的红色车子。
All that he does, he does it well. 他做任何事都很出色。
All that you do, do with your might. 做任何事都应不遗余力。
All you have to do is call on the house phone. 我只要做的就是拨个室内电话。
All you have to do is learn it by heart. 你只要做的就是把它背出来。
All I have to do is persuade him to go with us. 我只要做的就是说服他跟我们一起去。
... all + N + that ...
结构︰…all／any／every／no＋名词＋that…
说明︰all，any，every，no 若修饰<名词>，该<名词>之后的<关系代名词>一般要用 that 取代 who，whom，which。
All the students that work hard can definitely pass the exam. 用功的学生必能通过考试。
I have no disk that may interest you. 我没有一张唱片能引起你的兴趣。
Every student that comes here should report to me. 每一个到这里来的学生都应向我报告。
Don’t do anything that should go against his will. 不要做违背他心意的事。
... the only N that ...
结构︰…the only／the very／the first／the last＋名词＋that…
说明︰the only，the very，the first，the last 若修饰<名词>，该<名词>之后的<关系代名词>一般要用 that 取代 who，whom，which。
Man is the only creature that is gifted with speech. 人类是唯一被赋予语言能力的动物。
He is the last person that I’ll get along with. 他是我最不愿与之相处的人。
He is the very person that knows the password. 只有他知道密码。
... the most N that ...
结构︰形容词最高级＋名词＋that…
说明︰<最高级>的<形容词>修饰<名词>时，该<名词>之后的<关系代名词>一般要用 that 取代 who，whom， which。
This is the most interest book that I have ever read. 这是我念过的最有趣的书。
You are the most beautiful girl that I have ever seen. 你是我见过的最美丽的女孩。
This is the most convincing evidence that I can find to prove my point.
这是我所能找到的最令人信服的证据，以证明我的观点。
Who/What ... that ...
结构︰疑问词（who，what 等）…＋that…
说明︰为避免与疑问词重复，可使用 that 取代 who，whom，which。
Who is the boy that is standing over there? 站在那里的男孩是谁？
What is the book about that she is reading? 她在看什么书？
Where is the man that owes you $100? 那个欠你一百块的人住在哪里？
what ... V ...
结构︰what＋（主词）＋动词…
说明︰此句型意为“…的东西”。what 是<复合关系代名词>，等于 the thing which。不论“what＋<动词>…”或“what＋<主词>＋<动词>”，都是<名词子句>。“what＋<主词>＋be”译成“…的样子／情况”。
That’s what’s polluting the lake. 那就是污染湖水的东西。
What do you guess is in the box? 你猜箱子里有什么？
This is what he wanted. 这就是他要的东西。
Character is what we are when we are alone with ourselves in the dark.
品德就是自我在暗地里独处时的样子。
John is not what he was. 约翰不是以前那样的约翰了。
Without Mr. Chang, I would not be what I am.如果没有张先生的话，我就不会有现在的样子。
... what + be + called ...
结构︰…what＋be＋called…
说明︰此句型意为“所谓的…”。等于“what＋we／you／they＋call”。
He gathered earlier writings to prepare what are called the Five Classics.
他搜集以前的作品，编成了所谓的五经。
He is very interested in what are called popular songs. 他对所谓的流行歌曲很感兴趣。
We should improve what is called the quality of living.我们应该改进所谓的生活品质。
He is what you call a “walking dictionary”. 他就是你所谓的“活字典”。
What we do is + V ...
结构︰What＋主词＋do＋is＋动词…
说明︰此句型意为“…所要做的就是…”。<主词>之后一定用 do；至于<动词>，可以看成是 to＋<动词>的 to 被省略了。
What we can not do is make a cloud produce rain if it is not ready to produce it.
我们所办不到的是要使云产生雨，如果它不是随时要产生雨的话。
What you have to do is say (put) in a good word for me.你所必须做的就是为我美言几句。
What we need to do is prepare something to eat. 我们所需要的就是准备一些吃的。
... what is said above ...
结构︰…what is said above…
说明︰此句型意为“上面所说的”。
As we learn from what is said above, the tides can be very useful.
依照上面所说的，我们知道潮汐可以是非常有帮助的。
From what is said above, we can draw a conclusion. 由上面所说的，我们可以做一个结论。
We should pay more attention to what is said above. 我们应该更加注意上面所说的。
What follows is ...
结构︰What follows＋be 动词…
说明︰此句型意为“以下（跟着来的）是…”。What follows 是<名词子句>。若要表达其它的意思，可以把 follows 换成别的<动词>。
What follows is some excerpts of the famous speech he delivered in Washington D.C.
以下是他在华府所发表的那篇著名的演讲中的一些摘录。
What follows is the truth that men are created equal. 以下是人生而平等的真理。
What follows is the process of his being awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964.
以下是他被颁赠一九六四年诺贝尔和平奖的过程。
... what little + N
结构︰…what little＋不可数名词
说明︰此句型意为“所有的一点点…”。等于 all the little。
His mother sent him what little money she had saved.他的母亲把所有仅存的钱都寄给他了。
I’ll let you share what little information I have collected.
我会让你分享我所搜集的仅有的一些资料。
She was robbed of what little money she had. 她仅有的一点儿钱都被抢了。
The little boy use what little strength he had to push the door open.这小男孩使劲地把门推开。
A is to B what C is to D.
结构︰A is to B what C is to D.
说明︰此句型意为“A 之于 B 犹如 C 之于 D”。等于“A is to B as C is to D.”或“What C is to D (that) A is to B”或“As C is to D so is A to B”。这是为了让人明白 A 与 B 的关系，而利用人所熟知的 C 与 D 的关系来比喻的句法。what 是“A is to B”之 be <动词>的<补语>。
Exercise is to the body what thinking is to the brain.
运动和身体的关系，如同思考和头脑的关系。
What lungs are to the animal, leaves are to the plant.
就像肺是动物所不可缺的一样，叶子也是植物所不可或缺的。
As water is to the plant, so are books to me. 书和我的关系正如同水和植物的关系。
what with ... and ...
结构︰what with ... and (what with) ...
说明︰此句型意为“一方面因为…一方面因为…”。等于“half through ... (half through) ...”、“partly because (of) ... (partly because (of)) ...”。
What with laziness and (what with) illness, he lost his job.
一方面因为懒，一方面因为生病，他丢了工作。
What with the wind and what with the rain, our trip was ruined.
又是刮风又是下雨，我们的旅游都给搞砸了。
What with the high prices, and what with the badness of the times, we find it hard to get along. 部分因为物价高涨，部分因为时机不好，生活真是愈来愈难过了。
... the same + N + as ...
结构︰…the same＋名词＋as…
说明︰此句型意为“与…相同的”。as 做准<关系代名词>(既当<连接词>又做<关系代名词>用)，相当于“as the＋前面的<名词>＋<关系代名词>（who，whom，which）引导的<形容词子句>”。
I want the same camera as you have. 我想要一只和你一样的照相机。
He is the same person as came here yesterday. 他就是昨天来这里的那个人。
He is not the same man as he used to be. 他已不是当年的他了。
... such + N + as ...
结构︰…such＋名词＋as…
说明︰此句型意为“像…一样的”。是以 as 以下的人、物、动作、状态等为对象，比较有关种类、性质、程度、范围等。as 做准<关系代名词>(既当<连接词>又做<关系代名词>用)，相当于“as the＋前面的<名词>＋<关系代名词>（who，whom，which）”引导的<形容词子句>。
Such people as are friendly are easy to approach. 亲切之人容易接近。
He is not such a bad guy as you (are). 他不是那种和你一样的坏家伙。
Such a good student as he (is) will succeed. 像他这样的好学生一定会成功。
... such ... as ...
结构︰such＋复数名词＋as＋名词…
说明︰此句型意为“像…的…；…这一类的”。as 后的<名词>有多个，表示举例说明。
From animals we get such materials as wool, silk, leather and furs.
从动物我们得到像羊毛、丝、皮革、与毛皮这样的材料。
At his birthday party, I met such people as professor, scientist and actor.
在他的生日宴会上，我遇到了像教授、科学家和演员的人。
You should eat such vegetables as carrot, celery and spinach.
你应该吃胡萝卜、芹菜和菠菜这类的蔬菜。
... such as ...
结构︰主词＋动词…复数名词＋such as 名词1，名词2 and 名词3
说明︰此句型意为“…例如…”。such as 引导的部分是作为<名词>的补充说明。
Acid rain is harmful to amphibians such as salamanders, spring peepers, and frogs.
酸雨是有害于两栖的动物，例如鲵、春天里唧唧叫的小动物和青蛙。
In this paragraph there are many nouns, such as boy, girl, and book.
这一段里面有很多名词，例如男孩、女孩和书本。
I know many of them, such as John, Peter, and Tom.
我认识他们当中的很多人，例如约翰、彼得和汤姆。
They may choose to study foreign languages, advanced mathematics or science, such as physics or chemistry. 他们可以选择学习外国语文、高等数学或像物理、化学的科学。
We have different pies, such as apple, cherry, and strawberry pies.
我们有不同的派，例如苹果、樱桃和草莓派。
Many things pollute water, such as tires, trash, and plastic bags.
很多东西使水污染，例如轮胎、垃圾和塑料袋。
as is often the case ...
结构︰as／which is often the case (with) ...
说明︰此句型意为“…是常有的情形”。这是当<关系代名词>的 as 以全体<主要子句>当先行词的<句型>，可以用 which 代替 as。
He was late for school, as (which) was often the case with him.
他上学迟到，但这对他而言已是家常便饭了。
As is often the case with old people, my grandfather is fond of talking about good old days.
就像其它老人一样，我祖父也老喜欢讲他当年的故事。
He quarreled with his friends, as was the often the case.
他和朋友吵架，但这已屡见不鲜。
There is no + N + but ...
结构︰There is no＋名词＋but…
说明︰此句型意为“无…而不”。but 做准<关系代名词>（既当<连接词>又做<关系代名词>用），相当于“who／whom／which…not…”。
There is no one but is (=who is not) concerned about his future. 没有人不关心自己的未来。
There is nothing but he can do. (=There is nothing that he can’t do.) 没有他做不到的事。
There is no rule but has exceptions. (=There is no rule that doesn’t have exceptions.)
每一种规则都有例外。
There is no one but wishes to get somewhere. 没有人不希望将来能有所成就。
There is no man but has his faults. 没有人没有缺点。
... N + where ...
结构︰…地方名词＋where…
说明︰此句型意为“…的地方”。where 是<关系副词>，由“<介系词>＋<关系代名词> which”变化而成，引导<形容词子句>，修饰<名词>。在限定修饰的句构中，可保留 where，而将前面的<名词>省略。
There are some countries where (=in which) the supply of fuel is very limited.
有些国家的燃料供应非常有限。
He went to the station, where (=at which) he met his father.他到车站去，见到了他父亲。
That’s (the place) where he spent most of his life. 那里就是他度过大半生的地方。
... reach the point where
结构︰... reach the point + where ...
说明︰此句型意为“到了…的地步”。reach 可以换成 come to（到达）。
Things reached the point where the two groups sat on opposite sides of the church, glaring across the aisle. 事情到了两群人马各坐在教堂里相对的两边，隔着信道怒目相视的地步。
They have reached the point where they have to separate with each other.
他们已经到了必须彼此分手的地步。
Noise is coming to the point where we can’t put up with it.
噪音快到我们无法忍受的地步。
... N + when ...
结构︰…时间名词＋（when）…
说明︰此句型意为“…的时候”。when 是<关系副词>，由“<介系词>＋<关系代名词> which”变化而成，引导<形容词子句>，修饰<名词>。在限定修饰的句构中，可保留 when，而将前面的<名词>省略；也可将 when 省略。
Tell me (the exact time) when the next train will arrive.告诉我下一班火车抵达的正确时刻。
She came in June, when (=in which) it was very hot. 她六月来，那时天气非常热。
The last time (when) I saw him, he was quite well. 最后一次看到他时，他还相当健康。
... the reason why ...
结构︰... the reason + why ...
说明︰此句型意为“…的理由”。why 是<关系副词>，由“<介系词>＋<关系代名词> which”变化而成，引导<形容词子句>，修饰<名词>。可保留 why，而将前面的<名词>省略；也可将 why 省略。the reason why 无非限定用法，即 why 之前不可以加逗点。
Please tell me the reason why (=for which) you were absent. 请告诉我你为什么缺席。
Tell me the reason (why) he refused to listen to my advice.告诉我为何他拒绝听从我的劝告。
That’s (the reason) why he cried. 那就是他为何哭的原因。
... the way how ...
结构︰... the way + how ...
说明︰此句型意为“…的方法”。how 是<关系副词>，由“<介系词>＋<关系代名词> which”变化而成，引导<形容词子句>，修饰<名词>。可保留 how，而将前面的<名词>省略；也可将 how 省略。the way how 无非限定用法，即 how 之前不可以加逗点。
I don’t know the way how (=in which) he did it. 我不知道他是以何种方法做这事的。
That’s the way (how) he treats people. 那就是他的待人之道。
I know (the way) how he did it. 我知道他是以何种方法做这事的。
... whoever/whomever ...
结构︰... whoever／whomever ...
说明︰此句型意为“任何…的人”。whoever 是<复合关系代名词>，可做<主词>或<受词>，等于 anyone who； whomever 也是<复合关系代名词>，但只能做<受词>，等于 anyone whom。
Whoever commits the crime shall be sentenced to ten years in prison.
任何人犯了此罪就要被判处十年徒刑。
I’ll teach English to whoever wants to learn it. 谁想学英文，我就教他。
I hate whoever lies. 我痛恨任何一个说谎的人。
I like whomever you like. 你喜欢的人，我都喜欢。
You may dance with whomever you like at the dancing party.舞会上你想跟谁跳舞就跟谁跳。
... whatever ...
结构︰... whatever ...
说明︰此句型意为“任何…的事”。whatever 是<复合关系代名词>，可做<主词>或<受词>，等于 anything which。
Whatever she says is true. 她所说的都是实话。
They do whatever they are doing--all out.他们做任何他们所做的事－－都是全力以赴。
You can’t always do whatever you like. 你不能老是做任何你喜欢的事。
Whatever my mother cooks is to my liking. 妈妈做的菜我都喜欢。
Whatever it is. 任何存在的东西都是存在的。
... whichever ...
结构︰... whichever ...
说明︰此句型意为“（同一类的）任何…的东西”。whichever 是<复合关系代名词>，等于 any one which。与 whatever 的用法完全相同，只不过 whichever 是指同一类的任何一项，而 whatever则指不同类的任何一项。
I have three cars, and you may have whichever you like.
我有三辆车，你可以挑一辆你喜欢的。
I have a car, a house and an orchard and you may have whatever you like best.
我有一辆车，一栋房子和一座果园，你可以挑一样你最喜欢的。
These pictures can be kept for free. You may take whichever you like.
这些画可免费拥有。你喜欢哪一幅就拿哪一幅。
