Passage 3

    Before the 1870, trained nurses were virtually unknown in the United States, Hospital nursing was an unskilled occupation taken up by women of the lower classes, some of whom were conscripted from the penitentiary or the almshouse. The movement for reform originated not with doctors, but among upper-class women, who had taken on the role of guardians of a new hygienic order. Though some doctors approved of the womendesire to establish a nurses training school, which would attract the daughters of the middle class, other medical men were opposed. Plainly threatened by the prospect, they objected that educated nurses would not do as they were told-a remarkable comment on the status anxieties of nineteenth-century physicians. But the women reformers did not depend on the physicians approval: When resisted, as they were at Bellevue in efforts to install trained nurses on the maternity wards, they went over the heads of the doctors to men of their own class of greater power and authority. (Florence Nightingale, who had friends high in the English government, had followed exactly the same course in reforming beer country military hospitals.) Professional nursing, in short, emerged neither from medical discoveries nor from a program of hospital reform initiated by physicians; outsiders saw the need first.209

    11. Which of the following the best title for the passage?

    A. Public Hygiene in the United States

    B. Florence Nightingale: A Nurse Story

    C. The Fight for Nursing Education in the United States

    D. Health Care in Upper and Lower-Class Neighborhoods

    12. According to the passage, nurses in the United States in the 1850 could best be described as

    A. poor, untrained womenB. young medical students

    C. wives of military officersD. middle-class men and women

    13. The author states that the first advocates of nursing training in the United States were

    A. medical menB. upper-class women

    C. professional nursesD. military commanders

    14. Why does the author mention Florence Nightingale?

    A. To describe the career of a pioneer of United States medicine

    B. To show that women doctors supported the effort to upgrade nursing

    C. To prove that conditions differed in military and civilian hospitals

    D. To show the similarity of her tactics to those used by United States reformers

    15. In line 24, the word “outsiders” refers to people who

    A. had been rejected by society

    B. were not part of the medical establishment

    C. had been severely injured in military combat

    D. were not citizens of the United States

    11.【答案】C

    【解析】The Fight for Nursing Education in the United States；本文从头到尾讲的全是美国上层妇女为建立护士教育而进行的斗争。略读一遍，读懂大意，即可得出正确答案为C。

    12.【答案】A

    【解析】poor, untrained women；本文第二句描述的1870年代以前的护士，是unskilled，来自lower classes的妇女。这意味着她们是未受过训练的贫穷妇女。

    13.【答案】B

    【解析】upper-class women本文第三句中的The movement for reform是指要求改革当时的护理状况，进行护理训练。即使不认识originated和advocate这两个词，也可据此猜出正确答案为B。

    14.【答案】D

    【解析】To show the similarity of her tactics to those used by United States reformers；文末括号中关于Nightingale的这一句明确指出，她采取了与美国改革者们完全一样的做法，故正确答案为。

    15.【答案】B

    【解析】were not part of the medical establishment；大体读懂最后一句，即可看出这里的outsiders是指医务界以外的人，故正确答案为B。

    Passage 4

    At CapeChurchill in northeastern Manitoba, where the shore of Hudson Bay makes an abrupt 92-degree turn to the west, polar bears congregate in the autumn, waiting for the ice that is their home. By November, pack ice has formed beyond the fast ice, and the bears are moving. To be at the very tip of the Cape in November is to be in the middle of a slow but steadily flowing river of bears, methodically picking their way across the jumbled ice in a straight-line push for their hunting grounds.

    The polar bears of Hudson Bay are a distinct population thriving at the southern end of their range. Polar bears live on seals, and to hunt them the bears must have ice to get to where the seals are. Yet in Hudson Bay the ice melts by July and the bears have to come ashore, there to spend four months eating very little, digging into sand dunes and dirt so they can stay cool in the summer “hear,” relaxing into a physiological state like that of black bears in winter dens. They are the polar bear population most accessible to humans, and they are not only the best studied but the most easily experienced by amateur naturalists, photographers, and just plain tourists. 213

    16. With what aspect of bears lives is the passage mainly concerned?

    A. Their evolutionB. Their hunting skills

    C. Their temperamentD. Their seasonal movements

    17. According to the passage, polar bears congregate at CapeChurchill during the

    A. springB. summerC. fallD. winter

    18. The author uses the expression “steadily flowing river of bears” (line7) to illustrate the

    A. large number of migrating bears

    B. bears graceful movements

    C. danger the bears represent

    D. bears love of the water

    19. When the bears move out onto the ice, they look for their

    A. densB. youngC. foodD. mates

    20. It can be inferred from the passage that the polar bear population of Hudson Bay

    A. is one of several polar bear populations

    B. is unfriendly toward humans

    C. consumes food voraciously during the whole yeas

    D. is an endangered species

    16.【答案】D

    【解析】Their seasonal movements；本文没有涉及北极熊的进化A与性格C；对于它的捕猎海豹B，仅有一句话涉及，并非主要内容。本文第一段和第二段的大部分，谈的都是北极熊随季节变化而进行的迁移D。

    17.【答案】C

    【解析】fall；文中第一句中的主句指出北极熊在秋天聚集，正确答案为C。

    18.【答案】A

    【解析】large number of migrating bears；“steadily flowing river of bears”是一种形象的说法。把北极熊的行列比喻为一条“不停地流动的河流”，以说明其数目之多，正确答案为A。

    19.【答案】C

    【解析】food；第二段第二句后半句解释了北极熊走到冰上的原因：去到有海豹的地方捕捉海豹，而海豹是其藉以生存的食物，因而正确答案为C。

    20.【答案】A

    【解析】is one of several polar bear populations；本文最后一句是通过推论求解本题的主要依据。这一句中的主语They显然是指the polar bear population of Hudson Bay. 它们既然是“人最易接近的北极熊”，除了它们之外，必然还有人不那么容易接近的北极熊。由此可以推论：它们仅是北极熊中的一种而已，故正确答案为A。